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In linguistics, an argument is an expression that helps complete the meaning of a predicate,〔Most grammars define the argument in this manner, i.e. it is an expression that helps complete the meaning of a predicate (a verb). See for instance Tesnière (1969: 128).〕 and in this regard, the ''complement'' is a closely related concept. Most predicates take one, two, or three arguments. A predicate and its arguments form a ''predicate-argument structure''. The discussion of predicates and arguments is associated most with (content) verbs and noun phrases (NPs), although other syntactic categories can also be construed as predicates and as arguments. Arguments must be distinguished from adjuncts. While a predicate needs its arguments to complete its meaning, the adjuncts that appear with a predicate are optional; they are not necessary to complete the meaning of the predicate.〔Concerning the completion of a predicates meaning via its arguments, see for instance Kroeger (2004:9ff.).〕 Most theories of syntax and semantics acknowledge arguments and adjuncts, although the terminology varies, and the distinction is generally believed to exist in all languages. In syntax, the terms ''argument'' and ''complement'' overlap in meaning and use to a large extent. Dependency grammars sometimes call arguments ''actants'', following Tesnière (1959). The area of grammar that explores the nature of predicates, their arguments, and adjuncts is called valency theory. Predicates have a valence; they determine the number and type of arguments that can or must appear in their environment. The valence of predicates is also investigated in terms of subcategorization. ==Arguments and adjuncts== The basic analysis of the syntax and semantics of clauses relies heavily on the distinction between arguments and adjuncts. The clause predicate, which is often a content verb, demands certain arguments. That is, the arguments are necessary in order to complete the meaning of the verb. The adjuncts that appear, in contrast, are not necessary in this sense. The subject phrase and object phrase are the two most frequently occurring arguments of verbal predicates. For instance: ::Jill likes Jack. ::Sam fried the meat. ::The old man helped the young man. Each of these sentences contains two arguments (in bold), the first noun (phrase) being the subject argument, and the second the object argument. ''Jill'', for example, is the subject argument of the predicate ''likes'', and ''Jack'' is its object argument. Verbal predicates that demand just a subject argument (e.g. ''sleep'', ''work'', ''relax'') are intransitive, verbal predicates that demand an object argument as well (e.g. ''like'', ''fry'', ''help'') are transitive, and verbal predicates that demand two object arguments are ditransitive (e.g. ''give'', ''loan'', ''send'') . When additional information is added to our three example sentences, one is dealing with adjuncts, e.g. ::Jill really likes Jack. ::Jill likes Jack most of the time. ::Jill likes Jack when the sun shines. ::Jill likes Jack because he's friendly. The added phrases (in bold) are adjuncts; they provide additional information that is not necessary to complete the meaning of the predicate ''likes''. One key difference between arguments and adjuncts is that the appearance of a given argument is often obligatory, whereas adjuncts appear optionally. While typical verb arguments are subject or object nouns or noun phrases as in the examples above, they can also be prepositional phrases (PPs) (or even other categories). The PPs in bold in the following sentences are arguments: ::Sam put the pen on the chair. ::Larry does not put up with that. ::Bill is getting on my case. We know that these PPs are (or contain) arguments because when we attempt to omit them, the result is unacceptable: :: *Sam put the pen. :: *Larry does not put up. :: *Bill is getting. Subject and object arguments are known as ''core arguments''; core arguments can be suppressed, added, or exchanged in different ways, using voice operations like passivization, antipassivization, application, incorporation, etc. Prepositional arguments, which are also called ''oblique arguments'', however, do not tend to undergo the same processes. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Argument (linguistics)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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